Golomb rulers have been featured twice in the Computer Recreations column of Scientific American, which did much to popularize them. The most recent feature, and a nice introduction to the problems and their applications, can be found at [DewdeyGolomb85][DewdeyGolomb86].
Many additional references can be found at the following sites [RankinGolomb][ShearerGolomb][OptimalGolomb]
Descriptions of various generalizations (like Golomb rectangles) and additional bibliography can be found at [ShearerCombinatorial]
[DewdeyGolomb86]
Computer Recreations
Scientific American,
March
1986
[DewdeyGolomb85]
Computer Recreations
Scientific American,
December
1985
[RankinGolomb]
W. Rankin's Golomb ruler page
howpublished: http://www.ee.duke.edu/~wrankin/golomb/golomb.html
[ShearerGolomb]
James B. Shearer's Golomb ruler page
howpublished: http://www.research.ibm.com/people/s/shearer/grule.html
[OptimalGolomb]
The optimal Golomb rulers page
howpublished: http://members.aol.com/golomb20/
[ShearerCombinatorial]
James B. Shearer's combinatorial computing page
howpublished: http://www.research.ibm.com/people/s/shearer/comcomp.html